What is TOEFL?
TOEFL (Test of English
as a Foreign Language) is an English language test designed to measure their
mastery of the English language whose native language is not English. The test
was developed and organized by ETS (Educational Testing Service) a non-profit
organization based in the United States and was first held in 1964. The TOEFL
score is usually one of the entry requirements in 2400 a number of universities
in the USA, Canada and 80 other countries world (ETS: 1999).
There are three parts
of the TOEFL test to be done by the participants of the test. The first part is
the questions that measure the ability of Listening Comprehension in the amount
of 50 questions, Structure and Written Expression, 40 questions, and Reading
Comprehension, 50 questions. The whole matter is made in the form of multiple
choice (except for the Computer Based TOEFL there are essays that test writing
ability of participants in English and a variety of other forms of matter such
as match, clicking highlight certain words that are related to the main idea of
a reading, etc.). Overall test took place in less than 150 minutes, for Paper
and Pencil Based TOEFL, and approximately 240 minutes for the Computer Based
TOEFL. The relatively long time for the Computer Based TOEFL is already
included tutorial procedures.
There are two kinds of
TOEFL tests, namely 1) Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL; and 2) Computer Based
TOEFL. The first type of TOEFL test is the TOEFL test as we know it, where both
questions and answers be done using paper and pencil. Whereas the second type
of test TOEFL test model is relatively new because it was first introduced in
1998. As stated in its name, this test uses a computer in the delivery and the
person taking the test because the test will answer also through the computer.
For the purposes of
pre-selection or internal purposes of an institution, the ETS as a developer
and organizer institution also conducts TOEFL test TOEFL ITP (ITP =
Institutional Testing Programme). The number of questions and the difficulty
level of TOEFL ITP is no different with Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL or
Computer Based TOEFL, because the questions used on the TOEFL ITP TOEFL test
questions that have never been used before. Differences that need to be known
by those who plan on taking the TOEFL test is that the score obtained from the
TOEFL ITP in its use is limited. American universities, for example, will
receive a score obtained from Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL or Computer Based
TOEFL. Another difference is in terms of the cost of the test. It currently
costs Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL or Computer Based TOEFL is US $ 110, while
the TOEFL ITP relatively cheaper at US $ 25. There should also note that the
Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL and TOEFL Computer Based Test Center was held only
in certain with the test schedule that has been determined in advance, while
the TOEFL ITP implementation schedule is more flexible and in Indonesia carried
out by the IIEF (the Indonesian International Education Foundation), in
coordination with the existing language centers at public universities.
Besides TOEFL ITP,
there is also a TOEFL Prediction / Equivalent Test typically used to estimate
the TOEFL score before the relevant person to take the test more TOEFL (Paper
and Pencil Based TOEFL, Computer Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP). Prediction TOEFL test
this type are generally organized by institutions / language centers or places
that organize training courses TOEFL.
The scoring system
scores are used for Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP TOEFL Prediction
Test and Computer Based TOEFL is different. This is done of course with the
intention to avoid misunderstandings in the interpretation of test takers score
reported. The range of scores used by Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL, TOEFL ITP,
and TOEFL Prediction Test is 310 (the lowest value) up to 677 (highest score),
whereas for the Computer Based TOEFL, the lowest value is 0 and the highest
score of 300 (TOEFL Score User Guide , 2000-2001). The level of difficulty
about the overall type of test is of course the same, so it can be said to
those who earn a score of 677 on Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL is expected to
earn a score of 300 on the Computer Based TOEFL, and vice versa if the person
taking the test earn a score of 213 in the TOEFL test is used computer
(computer Based TOEFL), then the score is concerned at the Paper and Pencil
Based TOEFL is 550.
In general we know the
three levels of mastery of foreign languages, namely the Basic Level
(Elementary), Intermediate (Intermediate), and Advanced (Advanced). TOEFL
score, linguists usually classify this score into the following four levels
(Carson, et al., 1990):
· Elementary Level
(Elementary): 310 s.d. 420
· Lower Intermediate
(Low Intermediate): 420 s.d. 480
· Level of SMA (High
Intermediate): 480 s.d. 520
· Advanced (Advanced):
525 677 s.d
From the above
classification score, perhaps the question arises if the TOEFL test is given to
students with, for example, whether they would have trouble working on the
problems TOEFL? Studies conducted by Johnson (1977) states that the average
score earned by 173 first and second year students at the University of
Tennessee, USA, is 628. This means that, for English speakers themselves,
questions TOEFL can be done easily, evident from the scores they earn are at
the level of Proficient or Advanced.
By knowing the
classification level of mastery of the English language as seen above, we can
certainly understand that it is a good reason why universities in countries
that use English as its official language, requires a certain TOEFL score for
prospective international students. To be accepted in the program S1, a score
that generally they charge is around 475 s.d. 550, while for incoming S2 and S3
TOEFLnya score requirements higher, about 550 s.d. 600.
Questions are often
raised in discussion forums teachers of English in Indonesia is how should a
student mastery of the English language in Indonesia to enable them to broaden
their knowledge through reading written in English? Mastery at the Basic level
(Elementary) would not contribute significantly to the students in Indonesia in
an effort to increase knowledge through textbooks / knowledge written in
English. Required minimum mastery level SMA (High Intermediate) to enable
students to absorb the course materials are written in English with relative
ease.
Several universities in
Indonesia have established a certain TOEFL score for its students (Huda, 1999).
In conjunction with efforts to improve the quality of college graduates, the
regulations require that a college student has mastery of TOEFL at a certain
level is expected to have a positive impact and should be supported. Good
command of English is expected to improve the ability to think and work on a
global level, a condition of employment in the future we need to prepare from
now.
Paper and Pencil Based
TOEFL and Computer Based TOEFL can only be reached at certain times of
scheduled long before the test is held. Points or testing center where these
tests are carried out to have been determined by ETS TOEFL test as a licensee.
Both kinds of tests TOEFL held in particular testing center page. also called
the International TOEFL. It is intended to distinguish between them with ITP
TOEFL and TOEFL Equivalent / Prediction.
Whereas to follow the
TOEFL ITP, the test taker must contact the institution that has been designated
by the IIEF Jakarta as a place of execution. ITP TOEFL is required for the
implementation of the participants at least 10 people. Balai Bahasa Unmul since
2001 is one of the institutions the right to conduct TOEFL ITP.
Types of tests TOEFL
Prediction / Equivalent is the most flexible type of test execution. At Balai
Bahasa Unmul, this test is also a test of the most widely followed by those who
wish to measure proficiency in English for various purposes. Each time test
participants can take this test by contacting the Center for Language Unmul at
least one day prior to implementation.
Source: https://kursusinggris.wordpress.com/toefl-test-of-english-as-a-foreign-language-adalah-tes-bahasa-inggris-yang-dirancang-untuk-mengukur-penguasaan-bahasa-inggris-mereka-yang-bahasa-ibunya-bukan-bahasa-inggris-tes-ini-dikembangkan-dan/
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